For More Information:

For More Information:

If you are anxious about the accurateness of an octane characterization - or if you don't see a yellow octane sticker on a gasoline pump, write: Consumer Response Center, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC 20580.

The FTC works for the customer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and arbitrary business practices in the exchange and to accommodate information to advice consumers spot, stop, and avoid them. To book a complaint or to get charge less information on customer issues, appointment www.ftc.gov or

call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382- 4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters Internet, telemarketing, character theft, and other fraud-related complaints into Customer Sentinel, a secure, online database accessible to hundreds of civil and bent law administration agencies in the U.S. and abroad.

Is all "premium" or "regular" gasoline the same?

Is all "premium" or "regular" gasoline the same?

The octane appraisement of gasoline apparent "premium" or "regular" is not constant beyond the country.

One accompaniment may crave a minimum octane rating of 92 for all exceptional gasoline, while another may acquiesce 90 octane to be alleged premium. 

To make abiding you apperceive what you are buying, check the octane appraisement on the chicken sticker on the gas pump instead of relying on the name "premium" or regular".

Is knocking harmful?

Is knocking harmful?

Occasional light knocking or pinging won’t harm your engine, and doesn’t indicate a need for higher octane. But don’t ignore severe knocking.

A heavy or persistent knock can lead to engine damage.

Should you anytime about-face to a higher octane gasoline?

Should you anytime about-face to a higher octane gasoline?

A few car engines may beating or ping - even if you use the recommended octane. If this happens, try switching to the next accomplished octane grade. In many cases, switching to the mid-grade or premium- grade gasoline will annihilate the knock. 

If the animadversion or pinging continues afterwards one or two fill-ups, you may charge a action or some other repair. Afterwards that plan is done, go aback to the everyman octane brand at which your engine runs without knocking.

Will college octane gasoline clean your engine better?

Will college octane gasoline clean your engine better?

As a rule, top octane gasoline does not outperform regular octane in preventing engine deposits from forming, in removing them, or in cleaning your car's engine. 

In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires that all octane grades of all brands of gasoline accommodate engine cleaning bactericide additives to assure adjoin the build-up of adverse levels of engine deposits during the accepted activity of your car.

What is the appropriate octane akin for your car?

What is the appropriate octane akin for your car?

Check your owner's chiral to actuate the right octane akin for your car. Regular octane is recommended for a lot of cars. However, some cars with top compression engines, like sports cars and assertive affluence cars, charge mid-grade or premium gasoline to anticipate knock.

How can you acquaint if you are application the appropriate octane level? Listen to your car's engine. If it doesn't knock if you use the recommended octane, you are application the appropriate brand of gasoline.

What are octane ratings?

What are octane ratings?

Octane ratings admeasurements a gasoline's adeptness to abide engine knock, a awkward or pinging sound that after-effects from abortive agitation of the aeroembolism fuel-air admixture in one or more cylinders. Most gas stations action three octane grades: approved (usually 87 octane), mid-grade (usually 89 octane) and exceptional (usually 92 or 93). The ratings have to be posted on ablaze chicken stickers on anniversary gasoline pump.

THE LOW-DOWN on High Octane Gasoline

Are you tempted to buy a top octane gasoline for your car because you wish to improve its performance? If so, yield note: 

the recommended gasoline for most cars is approved octane. In fact, in a lot of cases, application a college octane gasoline than your owner's manual recommends offers actually no benefit. It won't accomplish your car accomplish better, go faster, get bigger breadth or run cleaner. Your best bet: accept to your owner's manual.

The alone time you ability charge to about-face to a college octane akin is if your car engine knocks if you use the recommended fuel. This happens to a baby allotment of cars. Unless your engine is knocking, affairs college octane gasoline is a decay of money, too.

Premium gas costs 15 to 20 cents per gallon added than regular. That can add up to $100 or added a year in added costs. Studies announce that altogether, drivers may be spending hundreds of millions of dollars anniversary year for college octane gas than they need.

History of Gasoline

What are octane ratings?

What is the appropriate octane akin for your car?

Will college octane gasoline clean your engine better?


Should you anytime about-face to a higher octane gasoline?



Is knocking harmful?


Is all "premium" or "regular" gasoline the same?


For More Information:

What is Gasoline?

What is Gasoline?

Gasoline is a circuitous admixture of over 500 hydrocarbons that may accept amid 5 to 12 carbons. 

Smaller amounts of alkane circadian and ambrosial compounds are present. Virtually no alkenes or alkynes are present in gasoline. Compounds in Gasoline.

Gasoline is a lot of generally produced by the apportioned beverage of awkward oil. The awkward oil is afar into fractions according to altered baking credibility of hydrocarbons of capricious alternation lengths. This apportioned beverage action yields about 25% of straight-run gasoline from anniversary butt of awkward oil. See Beverage Oil Refining.

The crop of gasoline may be angled by converting college or lower baking point fractions into hydrocarbons in the gasoline range. See Conversion Refining. 

Typical Composition of Gasoline
General Name	Examples	Percentage
Aliphatic - straight chain	heptane	30-50
Aliphatic - branched	isooctane
Aliphatic - cyclic	cyclopentane	20-30
Aromatic	ethyl benzene	20-30

 Octane number What is it?

Fuel octane requirements for gasoline engines alter with the compression arrangement of the engine. Engine compression arrangement is the about aggregate of a butt from the basal a lot of position of the piston's achievement to the top a lot of position of the piston's stroke. The college an engine's compression ratio, the greater the bulk of calefaction generated in the butt during the compression stroke.

If ammunition octane is too low for a accustomed compression ratio, the ammunition anon and spontaneously ignites too aboriginal and the ammunition allegation EXPLODES rather than BURNS consistent in abridged combustion. The net aftereffect is a accident in power, accessible engine damage, and an aural "knock" or "ping", referred to as detonation.

The octane bulk of gasoline is a admeasurement of its attrition to knock. The octane bulk is bent by comparing the characteristics of a gasoline to isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and heptane. Isooctane is assigned an octane bulk of 100. It is a awful angled admixture that burns smoothly, with little knock. On the added hand, heptane, a beeline chain, unbranched atom is accustomed an octane appraisement of aught because of its bad animadversion properties.

Straight-run gasoline (directly from the refinery beverage column) has an octane bulk of about 70. In added words, straight-run gasoline has the aforementioned animadversion backdrop as a admixture of 70% isooctane and 30% heptane. Many of these compounds are beeline alternation alkanes. Cracking, isomerization, and added adorning processes can be acclimated to access the octane appraisement of gasoline to about 90. Anti-knock agents may be added to added access the octane rating.

Octane appraisement against blazon of compound:

Octane ratings abatement with accretion carbon alternation length.

Octane ratings access with carbon alternation branching.

Octane ratings access in aromatics with aforementioned bulk of carbons.

What octane gasoline should you purchase?

For a lot of automobiles, use the everyman brand of 87 octane, unless they accurately say to use a college octane gasoline. Using college octane grades does not accommodate any added ability or added mileage.

History of Gasoline

Introduction about Gasoline:

Gasoline was not invented, it is a accustomed by-product of the petroleum industry, kerosene getting the arch product. Gasoline is produced by distillation, the amid of the volatile, added admired fractions of awkward petroleum. However, what was invented were the abundant processes and agents bare to advance the superior of gasoline authoritative it a bigger commodity.

The Automobile

When the history of the auto was branch in the administration of acceptable the amount one adjustment of transportation. There was created a charge for new fuels. In the nineteenth century, coal, gas, camphene, and kerosene fabricated from petroleum were getting acclimated as fuels and in lamps. However, auto engines appropriate fuels that bare petroleum as a raw material. Refineries could not catechumen awkward oil into gasoline fast abundant as automobiles were rolling off the accumulation line.

Cracking

There was a charge for advance in the adorning action for fuels that would anticipate engine animadversion and access engine efficiency. Especially for the new top compression auto engines that were getting designed.

The processes that were invented to advance the crop of gasoline from awkward oil were accepted as cracking. In petroleum refining, arise is a action by which abundant hydrocarbon molecules are torn up into lighter molecules by agency of heat, pressure, and sometimes catalysts.

Thermal Arise - William Meriam Burton

Cracking is the amount one action for the bartering assembly of gasoline. In 1913, thermal arise was invented by William Meriam Burton, a action that active calefaction and top pressures.

Catalytic Cracking

Eventually, catalytic arise replaced thermal arise in gasoline production. Catalytic arise is the appliance of catalysts that actualize actinic reactions, bearing added gasoline. The catalytic arise action was invented by Eugene Houdry in 1937.

Additional Processes

Other methods acclimated to advance the superior of gasoline and access its accumulation including:

• Polymerization: converting aerial olefins, such as propylene and butylene, into beyond molecules in the gasoline range

• Alkylation: a action accumulation an olefin and a paraffin such as isobutane

• Isomerization: the about-face of straight-chain hydrocarbons to branched-chain hydrocarbons

• Reforming: application either calefaction or a agitator to adapt a atomic structure

GASOLINE

Gasoline (US) or petrol (UK) is a petroleum-derived aqueous admixture which is primarily acclimated as a ammunition in centralized agitation engines.

It is as well acclimated as a solvent, mainly accustomed for its adeptness to adulterate paints.

It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons acquired by the apportioned beverage of petroleum, added with iso-octane or the ambrosial hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to access its octane rating. Small quantities of assorted additives are common, for purposes such as affability engine achievement or abbreviation adverse bankrupt emissions. Some mixtures as well accommodate cogent quantities of booze as a fractional another fuel.

Most accustomed or above Commonwealth countries use the appellation petrol, abbreviated from petroleum spirit. In North America, the chat gasoline is the accustomed term, area it is generally beneath in chatty acceptance to artlessly gas (although petrol is as well accustomed and acclimated to a bottom admeasurement in Canada). It is not a absolutely aerial ammunition (unlike, for example, abounding petroleum gas, which is stored beneath burden as a liquid, but alternate to a aerial accompaniment afore combustion). The appellation petrogasoline is as well used. The Jamaican spelling is gasolene.

In aviation, mogas, abbreviate for motor gasoline, is acclimated to analyze auto ammunition from aerodynamics gasoline, or avgas. In British English, gasoline can accredit to a altered petroleum acquired historically acclimated in lamps, but this acceptance is almost uncommon.

Source: Wikipedia

Study of octane enhancers for gasoline in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

NEW Study of octane enhancers for gasoline in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia K.S.A and It's Efficiency...

The capital cold of this activity was to access the efficiency, synergies, advantages, economic, ecology and automated furnishings of afire metal rail, and changes in aggregate with octane gasoline aerate abstraction in Saudi Arabia. Several flows of the ammunition examined, including reformate, ablaze naphtha, pri, butanes, pentane, naphtha hydro-cracker, FCC [fluid catalytic cracking] gasoline, and accustomed gasoline. The additives were acclimated tetra-ethyl [TEL]

(1), methyl-cyclopentadienyl ManganeseTricarbonyl [MMT] 
(2), dicyclopentadienyl adamant [ID] 
(3) and adamant pentacarbonyl [CPI] 
(4). The aftereffect of these additions, calm with MTBE [methyl tert-butyl ether] and booze in octane amount of gasoline and its assorted specifications, are included in the study.

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 الترجمة العربية

الهدف الرئيس من هذه الرسالة كان لدراسة تأثير وكفاءة استخدام محسنات مختلفة على رقم الأوكتان في البنزين المنتج في المملكة العربية السعودية ، وكذلك دراسة مدى تأثيره على البيئة وجدواه الاقتصادية . اعتمد استخدام أنواع مختلفة من أجزاء الوقود المكونة للبنزين المنتجة في مصافي ينبع وجدة والرياض وكذلك رأس تنورة . المضافات المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة شملت أربعة أنواع هي Methyl-, Tetra-Ethyl Lead (TEL) 

Dicylopentadienyl Iron (DCI) , 

Cyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbony [MMT]

Iron Pentacarbony [IPC] 

 نتائج الدراسات الاقتصادية والبيئية تشير إلى أن DCI و MMT قد تستخدم لتحسين رقم الأوكتان في البنزين في المملكة العربية السعودية .